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  Radioactive
materials are employed both in diagnostics as tracing agents and in
therapy as energy carriers that are sent towards a determinate target.
In vitro diagnostics
This represents the laboratory application of those techniques that make
use of radionuclides. The most common application takes place in the
immunological field and is called radioimmunology.
In vivo diagnostics
This represents the most renowned application of radionuclides techniques
and is the object of nuclear medicine.
Personnel working in radioimmunological analyses laboratories is exposed
to a very small risk of external irradiation of the hands (manipulation
operations) and of contamination. Internal contamination can be
definitely disregarded because the employed materials are not volatile.
On the contrary the nuclear medicine personnel is exposed to a relatively
high risk of external contamination of the whole body and the hands (dose
preparation and administration, etc.).
Internal contamination, on the other hand, can be usually disregarded
because the employed materials are scarcely volatile, but it can become a
problem if the manipulation operations are not carried out with skill and
care.
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